Internal and External Factors Affecting Uk as a...

Internal and external factors Within travel and tourism inbound and domestic tourism are frequently changing, there are many internal and external factors which have a major impact and contribute to these changes. In this assignment I am going to analyse 3 internal and 3 external factors which affect the travel and tourism industry. Internal Strength of the pound Depending on how strong the UK pound is determines how well the country’s economy is; if the pound is strong this means the country is doing well and vice versa. However this also has an effect on the number of people that visit the UK, a strong pound actually deters overseas visitors due to them receiving fewer pounds when exchanging their own money as one UK pound is worth†¦show more content†¦Visit Britain estimated that the 7/7 London bombings in 2005 resulted in a 2% fall in overseas visitors causing a loss of  £300 million for the UK economy and also a total loss of  £150 million to the capital as 50% of overseas visitors travel to London. Book one 3rd edition – Unit 3 – page 117 – 24/11/10 External Economic recession A recession is a general slowdown in economic activity over a period of time which is longer than a few months. During recessions many factors are affected such as; employment, investment spending, household incomes, business profits, bankruptcies and the rise in unemployment rates. Governments usually respond to recessions by increasing money supplies, increasing government spending and decreasing taxes. In 2008 the UK went into a recession, this had a major effect on the value and volume of inbound and domestic tourism in the UK as visitor numbers fell during the year 2009 as a result of the recession. In 2007 the UK received 32.7 million visitors, this fell to 31.8 million in 2008 and fell further again to 29.8 million by 2009. Tourists also began to spend fewer days in the UK during their visits decreasing from an average of 8.4 days in 2006 to 7.7 daysShow MoreRelatedKey Internal and External Influences Affecting Tourism in Brazil2536 Words   |  11 Pages Key Internal amp; External Influences Affecting Tourism in Brazil | Audit Report | | | | | | Contents Page: * 1) Introduction * 2) External PESTLE Analysis Table * 2.1) Political Influences * 2.2) Environmental Influences * 2.3) Social Influences * 2.4) Technological Influences * 2.5) Legal Influences * 2.6) Environmental Influences * 3) Internal Strengths amp; Weaknesses * 4) References Key Internal amp; External InfluencesRead MoreBritish Airwayss Environment1605 Words   |  7 Pagesfreight and mail and the provision of ancillary services. The airline flies to over 550 destinations globally and is considered to be a leader in the industry. In order to profitably satisfy customer needs, an organisation must understand its external and internal situation including the customer, the market and its own capabilities. Furthermore, it needs to understand and adapt to the dynamic and uncontrollable factors of the environment in which it operates. 2005 saw a new Chief Executive being appointedRead MoreTour Operator1671 Words   |  7 Pagesoperator 3 3. Different Type of Tour Operators 3 a. The Domestic Operators 3 b. The Incoming Tours Operators 3 c. Mass Market tour operators 3 d. Specialist tour operators 3 e. Independent tour operator 3 4. Forces affecting on tour operators 4 a. External 4 b. Internal: 4 5. Package Holiday or Inclusive Tour 4 a. Inclusive tour Product Transport 4 b. Inclusive tour Product-Accommodation 4 c. Inclusive Tour Product Transfer and extra 4 6. Planning, marketing and negotiating package toursRead MoreEssay On Pestle Analysis Of British Airways1921 Words   |  8 Pages(British Airways). †¢ I am going doing this to look at the external factors affecting a business and what advantages/disadvantages there may be and if it affects the company in the long term. The results I have gotten from doing this are that there are many factors of a business that affects other things such as the consumers and the environment, (for example, pollution affecting the environment or noise pollution effecting the people). These factors may result in loss of profit or loss of customers andRead MoreAnalysis of British Airways Marketing Environment4680 Words   |  19 Pages1.0 Executive Summary 2.0 Background and Introduction 3.0 External Analysis 3.1 Macro Environmental analysis 3.1.1 Political and Legal Factors 3.1.2 Economic Factors 3.1.3 Social Factors 3.1.4 Technological Factors 3.1.5 Environmental Factors 3.2 Micro Environmental Analysis 3.2.1 Industry Analysis 3.2.2 Market Analysis 3.2.3 Competitor Analysis 3.2.4 Customer Analysis 3.2.5 Stakeholder Analysis 4.0 Internal Analysis 4.1 Resource Analysis 4.2 Marketing Audit 4.2.1 Marketing Strategies AuditRead MoreThe UK as a Destination3479 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿ BTEC Level 3 Diploma in Travel and Tourism Long-haul Travel Destinations (Unit 8) 10 Credits Unit. Assessment Tutor: Simon Smith Internal Verifier: Elizabeth Gensler Internally Verified and Approved: September 2013 Handed to students: Week commencing 9th September 2013 Assessment hand in date: Specific Dates are included in the Course Assessment Schedule Assignment front sheet LearnerRead MoreThe European Tour Operators Case3189 Words   |  13 PagesTHE PORTFOLIO ASSIGNMENT PART A: The European Tour Operators Case Introduction The first part of the Portfolio Assignment will include an analysis of the external environment of two large travel companies, Thomas Cook and TUI. The three models that will be included and discussed in the first part of the assignment are PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces and Industry Life Cycle. These three models should be done for both of the companies. For this assignment I should also briefly discuss the overall attractivenessRead More Manchester Airport operates in an increasingly competitive environment1508 Words   |  7 Pagesprovider, therefore, Manchester Airport has to ensure that it increases capacity and markets itself to become more attractive as the â€Å"airport of choice†. External factors Which Affect financial Performance Numerous factors influence the financial activities and the financial performance of organisations Five major external factors which affect Manchester Airport are: 1 Constant change 2 Competitive environment 3 Single till 4 Government regulations 5 Economic environment Read MoreThe Business Environment Of Primark Corporation7113 Words   |  29 Pages(Primark, 2015) Primark has been operating for almost fifty years developing over the years and branching out to various locations, including Europe and this year including the United States of America. â€Å"Business operates in a rapidly changing internal and external environment†¦ the society permits business to earn profit as reward for bearing risk† (Jain, T. R., Tregan, M. and Trehan, R., 2010) Within the business environment specifically Primark based in the retail sector there is always an elementRead MoreGeneric Strategies of Ba5179 Words   |  21 Pages1 Executive Summary Background and Introduction External Analysis .1 Macro Environmental analysis .1.1 .1.2 .1.3 .1.4 .1.5 .2 Political and Legal Factors Economic Factors Social Factors Technological Factors Environmental Factors Micro Environmental Analysis .2.1 .2.2 .2.3 .2.4 .2.5 Industry Analysis Market Analysis Competitor Analysis Customer Analysis Stakeholder Analysis 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 Internal Analysis Resource Analysis Marketing Audit Marketing Strategies

Differentiating Between Market Structures - 1134 Words

Differeantiating Between Market Structures Identify the market structure in which this organization competes. Clearly indicate why the market structure was decided upon and how this market structure differentiates from the other alternatives. MARKET STRUCTURE The interconnected characteristics of a market, such as the number and relative strength of buyers and sellers and degree of collusion among them, level and forms of competition, extent of product differentiation, and ease of entry into and exit from the market (â€Å"Market Structure†, 2016). There are four basic types of market structure: Perfect competition, oligopoly, monopoly, and monopsony. McDonald’s is one of the leading companies in the fast food industry†¦show more content†¦The reduced cost of purchasing inputs increases their profit margins (Riley, 2011). Another additional advatage would be the improved value of money. McDonald’s would use their bargaining power to drive down the prices for beef, which would then open the price up for more consumers to buy from the company. COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES Dominating the industry is the key at McDonald’s. We do not want to simply have a sizeable sum in the industry, we want it all. There are several competitive strategies that could be used to maximize the profits over the long run. One effective straegy that is used is the speed of service at all location worldwide. In order to make this possible, the process has to simplified and mastered from the cooking of the product to the order taking from the employee. Simple to learn and easy to execute has been a moto used quite frequently in ther restaurants. This has led to an extremely low failure rate. Another competitive strategy would be the low price of our food. Being the cost leaders in the industry is what sets us apart from our competitors. In order to make this happen, the store must be efficent in its day to day operations while keeping food costs down. Our third strategy that will be talked about is the scale of McDonald’s. The best way of ad vertisement is word of mouth. How do you get people to talk about McDonald’s? How about putting over 30,000 units around theShow MoreRelatedDifferentiating Between Market Structures1766 Words   |  8 PagesDifferentiating between Market Structures Jessika Canales Dà ­az ECO /365 08/28/2010 Instructor: SR. Carlos Mà ©ndez David Differentiating between Market Structures In this simulation, the learner studies the cost and revenue curves in different market structures perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, or oligopoly faced by a freight transportation company, and makes decisions to maximize profits or to minimize losses. The simulation also deals with the concept of Prisoner’sRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures And The Market Structure1239 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Arthur Levitt once wrote, â€Å"Our markets have not achieved their greatest successes as a result of government fiat, but rather through the efforts of competing interests working to meet the demands of investors and to fulfill the promises posed by advancing technology.(Arthur, Levitt. (2015)) The competitive nature of an industry is what drives our markets throughout the world. An industry consists of all firms making similar or identical products. McDonald’sRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1598 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Jennifer Lavallee ECO/365 May 27, 2013 Market structure is the physical characteristics of the market within which companies react. This means that there are different kinds of market structure based on how companies work together within a particular industry. Location and product have the most to do with determining the market structure. There are four defined market types. The first market structure is called the perfectly competitive market. TheRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1692 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Using the virtual organization of Kudler Fine Foods, evaluations will be made to determine market structure and competitiveness. Kudler Fine Foods current strategic plan for 2003, marketing overview, and market surveys will provide information to evaluate how Kudler competes in its market and where its strengths and weaknesses are located. Based on the evaluation of Kudler Fine Foods an applicable market structure will be determined and the structures effectsRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1924 Words   |  8 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Alana Campbell, Dale Fortune, Katrina Beyah, Leonard Cooper University of Phoenix ECO/212 Principles of Economics Donnetta McAdoo December 5, 2011 Differentiating Between Market Structures To understand the economy of today one must understand the different market structures that make up the economy. There are four market structures that define the economic structure within the world’s economy; perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competitionRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1910 Words   |  8 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Don Peterson ECO/365 February 2, 2015 Elena Zee Differentiating Between Market Structures A market structure in economics describes the state of a market with respect to its competition. There exist several different market structures like perfect competition, oligopoly, and monopolies among others. These markets all produce different types of goods or services, like public and private goods as well as common and collective goods. Firms operatingRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating between Market Structures The structure of a market is defined by the number of firms in the market, the existence or otherwise of barriers to entry of new firms, and the interdependence among firms in determining pricing and output to maximize profits. The author of this paper will cover: the advantages and limitation of supply and demand identified in the simulation, the effectiveness of the organization in which the author knows, and how the organizations in each market structureRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures ECO/365 Principles of Microeconomics August 30, 2012 Differentiating Between Market Structures Retail sales are indicators of microeconomic conditions presented in a given area at a particular place in time. Since Sam Walton opened his first Wal-Mart store, Wal-Mart has been making ripples throughout the micro economies of America. Wal-Mart’s market structure is typical of most of our nation’s largest corporations in that they are an oligopoly (BrownRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Yvonne C Rivera ECO/365 May 16, 2013 Paul de la Pena Abstract There are many TV service providers available in the U.S; however there are only two companies that offer services via satellite. Dish operates within the monopolistic competition market. Dish has been in business since the early 1980’s and has gradually worked its way up to become one of the leading satellite provider and innovator of new technology. In 2013 they offer service to overRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures in Kudler1022 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures in Kudler ECO365 â€Å"Kudler Fine Foods was established in 1998 when Kathy Kudler fulfilled her vision of establishing her own gourmet food store. The La Jolla store continues to grow while the Del Mar store has been having some difficulties. The store in Encinitas has just opened, but sales seem brisk.† (Apollo, 2011, Strategic Plan, p. 3) The owner works 7 days a week and performs many jobs from purchasing to stocking shelves. Kudler Fine Foods sees

Rain Water Harvesting A Solution To Water Crisis Free Essays

Water is an essential resource. No one can live and survive without water. Hence, we should not let the source of the life waste, instead we must store it. We will write a custom essay sample on Rain Water Harvesting: A Solution To Water Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can do so by the methods of Rainwater Harvesting. Rainwater Harvesting refers to the process of collecting and storing of rainwater. Rainwater harvesting helps in providing drinking water, water for irrigation, agricultural purposes or for groundwater recharge. It is one of the best solutions to water problem in the areas having inadequate water resources. Rainwater systems are simple to construct. Usually, rainwater is either harvested from the ground or from a roof. During the rainy seasons, the rain water can be collected and stored in the tanks. There are many methods to harvest the rainwater. Usually, the methods used are: Catchments Areas i. e. the areas which receive rainfall directly. In this, paved areas like roof of a building or unpaved area such as open ground or lawns can be used for the catchment areas. Ground catchment techniques has more chances of collecting water from the larger surface areas. Storage system: It is designed according to the amount of water that is needed to be stored. Storage system must be sealed and does not leak. Chlorine must be put from time to time to keep the water clean. Conveyance systems which transfer the rainwater collected on the rooftops to the storage tanks and that is done by making connections to one or more down-pipes connected to the rooftop gutters or pipes. The gutters must be made as such that if it rain starts,the dirt will be washed into the down-pipe and clean water comes out. Advantages/Benefits of Rain water Harvesting: It is one of the best solutions to water problem in the areas having inadequate water resources Reduction of soil Erosion. Improved quality of ground water. Raising of water level in wells and borewells. Reduction in the choking of storm water drains and flooding of the roads. Rain water flows down the hills in the form of small streams which join together to form rivers and lakes. And this is the important and the natural source of water for the living beings. Some of the rain water percolates down the earth until it reaches the hard surface. There it collects to form a large underground water reservoir. Such water is obtained on digging wells and it is called sub-soil water or ground water. Thus, there are three important natural sources of water besides abundantly available sea water. The sea water being saline can not be sued as such either for industries or for domestic consumption. (a) Rain water or snow water. (b) Surface water (river, lakes, streams, canals, ponds, etc. ) (c) Ground water or sub-soil water wells and springs. Rainwater Harvesting In urban areas, the construction of houses, footpaths and roads has left little exposed kuchha earth for water to soak in. In parts of the rural areas of India, flood water quickly flows to the rivers, which then dry up soon after the rains stop. If this water can be held back by storage or by reducing speed of flow, it can seep into the ground and recharge the ground water supply. This has become a very popular method of conserving water especially in the urban areas. Rainwater harvesting essentially means collecting rainwater on the roofs of building and storing it underground for later use. Not only does this recharging arrest ground water depletion, it also raises the declining water table and can help augment water supply. Rainwater harvesting and artificial recharging are becoming very important methods. It is essential to stop the decline in ground water levels, arrest sea-water ingress, i. e. , prevent sea-water from moving landward and conserve surface water run-off during the rainy season. Town planners and civic authority in many cities in India are introducing by-laws making rainwater harvesting compulsory in all new structures. No water or sewage connection would be given, if a new building did not have provisions for rainwater harvesting. Such rules should also be implemented in all the other cities to ensure a rise in the groundwater level. Realizing the importance of recharging ground water, the CGWB (Central Ground Water Board) is taking steps to encourage it through rainwater harvesting in the capital and elsewhere. A number of Government buildings have been asked to adopt water harvesting in Delhi and other cities of India. All you need for a water harvesting system is rain, and a place to collect it. Typically, rain is collected on rooftops and other surfaces, and the water is carried down to where it can be used immediately or stored. You can direct water run-off from this surface to plants, trees or lawns or even to the aquifer. Some of the benefits of rainwater harvesting are as follows: I. Increases water availability II. Checks the declining water table III. Is environmentally friendly IV. Imporves the quality of ground water through the dilution of fluoride, nitrate, and salinity V. Prevents soil erosion and flooding, especially in urban areas How to cite Rain Water Harvesting: A Solution To Water Crisis, Papers

Nature and Importance of On-The-Job Training Essay Sample free essay sample

On-the-job Training ( OJT ) is one of the topics in the B. S. Information Technology Program wherein pupils are exposed to assorted activities in the field of Information Technology. This is possible through coordination of the College with the different bureaus concerned in the assorted field of Information Technology. The scene of the field pattern resembles the image of existent work countries such as office. field plants and others. The pupil act as members of the staff of the bureau and execute different responsibilities and duties under supervising while larning. The advisor of the student-trainee. Mr. Gerry M. Laylo made an inquest to the bureau if they are acknowledging IT pupil trainees. After few yearss Mr. Laylo got an affirmatory answer fro NEDA IV-B ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ MIMAROPA –Division Mr. Laylo said that the trainees will get and will get down the trainee at November 2010. On the said day of the month the trainees came with the IT Coordinator. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature and Importance of On-The-Job Training Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ms. Jennie D. Tamares. On the same twenty-four hours. the trainees were introduced to Mr. Joel Paule. the individual who was assigned in acknowledging pupil trainee. The trainees were oriented about the bureau. On the following twenty-four hours Mr. Paule assigned the pupil trainees to their several sections for preparation. It is through on-job-training that the pupils were given the chance to take part in existent work in field of computing machine. In computing machine pattern. the trainee is able to work and run into other people who can assist and better his personality. The experience gained in the computing machine pattern encouraged. helped and provided the trainee better development of accomplishments and decision-making peculiarly in computing machine of Information Technology. a give-and-take relationship between the employees and other worker is established and thereby practical cognition in computing machine is achieved. Most significantly. On-the-job Training is a agency of geting and developing work values so that the trainees may confront their hereafter challenges with diligence. sense of duty and assurance. Aims of On-Job-Training By and large the On-the-job preparation aimed to heighten the accomplishments of the trainee to go more efficient and effectual in Computer Technology and be good trained as an IT officer in the hereafter. This on-the-job preparation aimed to: 1. apply theories. constructs and rules in problem hiting. every bit good as arranging. operation and care the computing machines 2. get advanced accomplishments and techniques required in the pattern of their profession 3. discover God-given potencies. physically. mentally. morally. and emotionally through the familiarisation of existent office patterns and protocols. 4. become efficient. effectual and proficient in the field of Information engineering and aspire to be an adept Information engineering in the close hereafter.

Ray Bradbury Essays - Fahrenheit 451, Waukegan, Illinois

Ray Bradbury "It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood pounded in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazing conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring down the tatters and charcoal ruins of history. With his symbolic helmet numbered 451 on his stolid head, and his eyes all orange flame with the thought of what came next, he flicked the igniter and the house jumped up in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and yellow and black. He strode in a swarm of fireflies. He wanted above all, like the old joke, to shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace, while the flapping pigeon-winged books died on the porch and lawn of the house. While the books went up in sparkling whirls and blew away on a wind turned dark with burning." The above quote is from Fahrenheit 451, my favorite science fiction novel of all time, by Ray Bradbury. The quote describes the main concept of the book and is very appealing because it gives so much visual detail to the scene. This story is set in a future where all books and other written materials are forbidden. The main character's (Guy Montag's) job is to burn books and the houses which the books are hidden in. He never questions his actions until he meets someone who tells him how it was in the past when people didn't live in fear and could read whatever they wished. Then he does everything he can to prevent books from being burned and starts wanting to learn more and more. I thought that this novel exercised great social commentary on society as a whole. It shows how important books are to us all. It also shows that some people feel that knowledge is a threat to power and rule. Reading is a freedom everyone should be able to enjoy. Ray Bradbury is an American novelist, short-story writer, essayist, playwright, screenwriter, and poet. He was born in Waukegan, Illinois on August 22, 1920. His work has been included in the Best American Short Story collections (1946,1948, and 1952). He has been awarded the O. Henry Memorial Award, the Benjamin Franklin Award in 1954, the Aviation-Space Writer's Association Award for best space article in an American Magazine in 1967, the World Fantasy Award for lifetime achievement, and the Grand Master Award from the Science Fiction Writers of America. His animated film about the history of flight, Icarus Montgolfier Wright, was nominated for an academy award, and his teleplay of The Halloween Tree won an Emmy. Some of Bradbury's most famous books over the years are The Martian Chronicles, The Illustrated Man, No Man is an Island, The Golden Apples of the Sun, Dandelion Wine and of course Fahrenheit 451. Ray Bradbury's writing has been honored in many ways, but probably the most unusual was when an Apollo astronaut named the Dandelion Crater on the Moon after Bradbury's novel, Dandelion Wine. Besides his literary achievements, Ray Bradbury was the idea consultant and wrote the basic scenario for the United States Pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair. He thought up the metaphors for Spaceship Earth, EPCOT, Disney World, and he contributed to the birth of the Orbitron space ride at Euro-Disney in France. He was creative consultant for the Jon Jerde Partnership, the architectural firm that blueprinted the Glendale Galleria, The Westside Pavilion in Los Angeles, and Horton Plaza in San Diego. Ray Bradbury is now living in California and is still writing and lecturing.

Study of Leadership in Professional Practice Health and Social care The WritePass Journal

Study of Leadership in Professional Practice Health and Social care Introduction Study of Leadership in Professional Practice Health and Social care IntroductionREFERENCES Related Introduction This essay will discuss leadership, the various definitions and theoretical concepts in context to leadership. The different qualities and characteristics of an exemplary leader and identify leadership styles in congruence to health care and self. It will also discuss the importance of reflective learning and various models which aid in reflection are also discussed and using a reflective approach identify strengths and weakness of own leadership and learning styles, and develop a personal development plan to review the strengths and strategize an action plan to overcome the weaknesses. Leaders are ordinary people who do extraordinary things as asserted by Kouzes and Posner (1995).Leadership definitions are more often confusing and ambiguous because of the use of indefinite terms to describe phenomena such as authority, power, management, administration, and supervision Yulk (1989). Leadership is defined under multiple dimensions. Weihrich and Koontz (2005) defines leadership as influence, they compare it to an art or process of influencing people so that they strive readily and enthusiastically towards the attainment of group goals. Another definition on leadership views it as the use of interpersonal skills in achieving specific goals Sullivan and Garland (2010). Yet another leadership definition asserted by Bitpipe’s (2006) is that leadership is a management skill that focuses on the development and employment of vision, mission and strategy as well as the creation of a motivated workforce. Hughes et al (2006) suggest that the wide range of definitions can contribute to a better and greater understanding of the various factors that influence leadership, as well as present different perspectives on the concept. Leadership is a term hard to contain within a certain number of theories. However various theorists describe the various paradigms of leadership. Leadership theories are dynamic and change over time. The earliest theories on leadership were during the 1900-1940 which were the basis of most leadership research. The two theories widely discussed were the Great Man theory and Trait theories. The Great Man theory from is developed from the Aristotelian philosophy which asserts that certain people are born to lead whereas others are born to be led. The theory further suggests that great leaders arise when situations demand it. Trait theory asserts that some people have certain characteristics or a personality trait that makes them better leaders than others. Gofee and Jones (2000) cited in their work that early theories of leadership focused on personality traits of leaders, as though leadership was a characteristic that resided in some people not others. The various traits associated with the theory are intelligence, knowledge, judgment, decisiveness, oral fluency, interpersonal relationship and creativity to mention a few. Behavioral theories were developed during the human relation era between1940-1980. The theory strongly emphasized on the leaders’ style of leadership. Lewin and White (1951) and Lippit (1960) isolated three main leadership styles associated with the theory namely authoritarian, democratic and Laissez- Faire. The authoritarian style of leadership is in which the group are motivated by coercion, strong control is exercised at all times by the leader over the group. The flow of communication is always downwards. The decision making is vested in the leader and criticism is always punitive. Authoritarian leadership is helpful in well defined group actions. This style provides group members a feeling of security. The productivity of the group is high; however creativity and autonomy are compromised. It is most useful in crisis situations. In the democratic style the leader less control is maintained on the group, members are directed through suggestions and guidance, communication i s didactic, decision making is shared. Emphasis on â€Å"we feeling† and equality, criticism is constructive. Democratic style of leadership is appropriate for groups who work together for extended periods, promotes autonomy and growth in individual work. The style is effective when cooperation and coordination between groups are required. The Laissez-Faire style of leadership is one where the leader is very permissive and has less or no control over the group. The leader motivates by support and only upon request from the members. No criticism is performed. It can be used when all group members highly motivated and self directed. This type of leadership style is used to bring about creativity. It is most appropriate in poorly defined problems and to create solutions with great extent of brainstorming. Situational and contingency leadership theories concepts emerged during the 1950-1980 period. The theory of contingency approach outlined by Fidler (1967) suggested that no one leadership style is ideal for every situation. He argued that task to be accomplished and the power associated with the leaders’ position are key variables. Benis and Nanus (1985) further strengthen the theory by stating leaders cannot lead without power, and also referring power as the currency of leadership. Situational approach to leadership was developed by Hersey and Blanchard (1977). Their model of leadership effectiveness predicts leadership style is appropriate in each situation based on the level of the followers’ maturity. The next theory to evolve in the argument of theorists which added complexity to leadership was the interactional theory. The basic concepts of these theories were that the leadership behavior is usually determined by the relationship between leaders’ personality and specific situation. Brandt’s (1994) interactive leadership model suggests that leaders develop a work environment that fosters autonomy and creativity through valuing and empowering followers. Brandt states that this type of leadership gives the leader greater freedom while simultaneously increasing the leader’s responsibility. However as an advantage there is lesser need in resolving conflicts between followers. The modern theories of leadership led way to the development of transactional and transformational leadership. Burn’s (2003) came out with a novel addition to the interactional theory suggesting that both leaders and followers have the ability to raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality. This concept was identified as transformational leadership. Mc Guire and Kennerly (2006) identifies transactional leaders as leaders who sets goals, gives directions and uses rewards to reinforce employee behaviors related with accomplishing established goals. Longnecker (2006) states that the transformational leader inspires and motivates   followers not only as a role model but also by recognizing the uniqueness of the follower and being creative. Martins and Henderson (2001) argues that by developing shared values and sense of purpose, transformational leaders can alter how staff sees themselves and their organization. Servant leadership developed by Greenleaf (1977) greatly influenced leadership thinking of the 21st century. The leader puts service of his/her employers, customers and community as the number one priority. Greenleaf argued that to be a great leader, one must be a servant first. Howatson and Jones (2004) assert that leadership is about ‘leaders serving the needs of followers and empowering them rather than the organization’. Other modern theories of leadership styles include principle agent theory, emotional intelligence, authentic leadership, thought leadership and quantum leadership. Shirley (2006) outlines the five distinguishing characteristics as purpose, values, heart, relationship and self discipline. The Kouzes and Posner (1995) model on the characteristics of exemplary leadership stated that leaders should have five main qualities. ‘Inspiring a shared vision’,’ modeling the way’, ‘challenging the process’, ‘encouraging the heart’ and enabling others to act. In a study of the role of leadership in modernizing and improving public services, Hartley and Allison (2002) describe three different aspects of leadership which they describe as the ‘three Ps’: ‘the person’, ‘the position’ and ‘the process’. Leadership roles adapted from Kotter (1990) and Northouse (1997) asserts that leadership produces change and movement, vision building and strategizing, aligning people and communicating and motivating and inspiring. The study conducted by the Hay group in 2007 to ascertain whether leadership styles of various ward managers can affect levels of staff satisfaction and in turn patient care using a 3600   leadership and work climate assessment identified six different leadership styles namely ‘directive’ , ‘visionary’ , ‘affiliative’ , ‘participative’ , ‘pace-setting’ and coaching. Reflection gives us a thorough record and it is a well established tool for learning as asserted by Benner (2001). The theories of reflection are approached through various aspects included the works of four writers namely John Dewey, Jurgen Habermas, Donald Schon and David Kolb. Dewey (1933, p.9) defines reflection as an ‘active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusion to which it ends.’ Another definition consistent with the definition of Dewey †Reflection in context of learning is a generic term for those intellectual and affective activities in which individuals engage to explore their experiences in order to lead to new understandings and appreciation.†Boud et al (1985, p.9). Dewey has two aspects of reflective thinking, the state of doubt and an act of searching. The Boud et al process suggests that the reflective process is initiated when the individual returns to the experience, recollecting what has taken place and replaying the experience. Finally revaluation takes place. There are different categories of models of reflection which are structured, hierarchical, iterative, synthetic and holistic. Structured models include two works on reflection by Johns (1993, 1994a, 1994b) describes reflection as a simple task to do without expert guidance and good support. The reflective model put forth by John’s is in context to health services and is termed as guided framework of reflection. Smyth (1991) developed another structured model. He stages the model into four stages. The first stage involves describing the moment; second stage encompasses informing what the moment describes itself as. The next stage is to confront the moment and knowing how the moment was like. The final stage called the construct describes how the person would do things differently. Of the best known hierarchical models; Mezirow (1983) developed a model where reflection is described in seven levels. ‘Reflectivity’ which forms the base of the level is described as the act of becoming aware of a specific incident or inferring meaning acting. The second level is ‘affective’ it is described as the way one feels about the way one perceives, thinks or acts. Thereafter in the third level called the ‘descriminant’ the person asses the efficacy of his/her perception and try to realize the reality of the context in which he/she works that is identify the relationship to a situation. The fourth stage or level is ‘judgmental‘ , making and becoming aware of your value about perception , as whether they are positive or negative. The sixth level is called the ‘psychic’ level where one recognizes about one’s self about the habit of making precipitant judgment about the people based on limited information. Th e ‘theoretical’ level forms the top of the model which is becoming aware of the underlying assumptions. Iterative models are the models that are based upon the idea that the reflective process is described as a cycle and that in depth awareness and increase of knowledge and skillfulness arise from repeated ‘clockwise’ movements. Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) is a six point cycle which starts from description of an event asking a question like what happened, secondly describing the feeling at point of event, thereafter evaluating about the experience whether it was good or bad. Then making an analysis of the situation and making sense out of it. The fifth point of the cycle is about concluding the incident in terms of what could have been done. Finally drawing out an action plan what would you do if the experience arises again. Atkins and Murphy (1994) developed a cyclical model by drawing in consideration and works of others. They state that it is possible to begin the reflective process by reflecting on achievements. The first point of the cycle begins with the awareness of uncomfortable feeling or thought, then describe the situation where the feeling and thoughts occurs, thereafter analyze feelings and challenge the knowledge and in the next point in the cycle which is the ‘action’ where a new experience is generated. The strengths of these two models are that it encompasses knowledge, feelings and action in one learning cycle. Another variant in the iterative model is the Bouden et al (1985). The second variant is that of Ghaye et al (1996b) which is based on action research literature put forth by Donald Schon. I undertook the assessment of my own leadership skill using 3600 leadership questionnaire based on the work of Kouzes and Posner (2003). The leadership questionnaire helped me identify my strengths and weaknesses. My strengths outlined according to the 3600 questionnaire were determination, competent and strong communicator and networker. I could identify my strengths as a leader with the above theories of leadership. The weakness of my leadership skills outlined from the questionnaire was that I lacked the quality of inspiring and empowering others. Personal development plan (PDP), is a tool that can identify areas for further development and encourage lifelong learning. It acts as a process of planning, monitoring, assessment, and support to help staff develop their capabilities and potential to fulfill their job role and purpose. To identify my preferred learning style I undertook the Honey and Momford (1986) learning styles questionnaire and identified my preferred learning style as a strong reflector and a pragmatist and a moderate preference as that of a theorist. The best way that a reflector would learn is by observing individuals or group at work. They usually review what has happened and think about what they have learned, prefer doing tasks with tight deadlines. However a reflector learns less when acting as a leader or role playing. Doing things with no time to prepare and while being thrown at deep ends. Using the Gibbs model of reflection (1988) I was able to describe an incident which helped me learn about a new experience. The incident took place at the lecture hall 7020 in my university. I had an opportunity to learn about communication and personality. I learned about the Myer’s-Brigg’s inventory on the types of personalities and the dichotomies which elicited the personality traits. I thought about the dichotomy and was able to relate and identify my personality trait. Before learning about the inventory on personality I was not aware of my traits. The experience has helped me to understand and make me aware of myself and also to regard different personalities other than mine. Thus helping me to understand people with different personality traits and build up a harmonious interaction. The learning has helped me formulate an action in my personal development plan to enable me to inspire others as a leader and empower them. The Gibb’s cycle (1988) is a cyclic al process; it’s easy to understand and is very malleable and flexible. All the most Gibb’s cycle has helped me develop a personal development plan action. The Myers-Briggs type indicator is based on the Carl Jung’s theory of personality. The model identifies human behavior and personality styles in four dimensions. Bar and Bar (1989) who did study and administered Myers-Briggs type indicators in various managers and executives suggested that leaders must develop excellence in all eight areas to maintain consistent leadership. The dimensions are life attitude under which categories are extroversion or introversion. The second dimension is perception under which the category is sensing or intuiting. The third dimension is judgment under which categories of thinking or feeling are described. The fourth dimension is outer world orientation which holds categories of judging or perceiving. The core issue of leadership throughout the essay exemplifies the dynamic nature of leadership. The reflective learning process is a very important aspect of leadership within health care Transformational and transactional leadership qualities are regarded to the lie within leadership ability which demands high quality care Avolio and Bass (1998). The learning style helps a leader to understand the specific learning needs by developing a personal development plan involving reflective thinking.   Great leader are not made and not born. REFERENCES Atkins, S. and Murphy, K. (1994)’ Reflective Practice ‘, nursing standard, 8(39), pp: 49-50. Bass, B.M. , Avolio, B.J. , and Goodheim , L. (1987) Biography and the assessment of transformational leadership at the world – class level , journal of management, 13(1), pp: 17-19. Bennis, W. (1989) Why leaders can’t lead. San Francisco: Jossey-Boss. 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Birmingham: Sced. Gofee, R. and Jones, G. (2000) Why should anyone be led by you?, Harvard business review, 78(5), pp: 63- 70. Greenleaf, R.K. (1977), Servant leadership: A journey in the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Newyork: Panlist. Hay group (2007) Nurse Leadership: being nice is not enough. London: Hay group. Hersey, D. and Blanchard, K.H (1988) Management of organizational behavior: utilizing human resources, 5th edn. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. Hughes, R.L., Ginnet, R.C. and Curphy, G.J. (2006) Leadership enhancing the lessons of experience, 5th edn. Boston: Mcgraw Hill. Hurley, J. and Linsley, P. (2007) ‘Leadership challenges to move nurses towards collaborative individualism within a neocorporate beauraucratic environment’, Journal of Nursing Management, 15, pp: 749-755. Johns, C. (1994) ‘Nuances of reflection’, journal of clinical nursing, 3, pp: 71-75. Kembler, D. (2006) Reflective teaching and learning in health profession. Oxford: Blackwell science ltd. Kenmore, P. (2008) ‘Applied leadership’, nursing management, 15(1), pp: 24-26. Kotter, J.P. (1990) A force for change: How leadership differs from management? Freepress: Newyork. Kouzes, J.M. and Posner, B.Z. (1987) The Leadership Challenge: How to get extraordinary things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass publishers. Longnecker, P.D. (2006), Evaluating transformational leadership skills in hospice executives, American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 23(3), pp: 205-211 Louden, w. (1991) Understanding Teaching. London: Cassell. Marquis, L.B. and Huston, J.C. (2009) Leadership roles and management functions in nursing. China: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Mc Guire, E. and Kennerly, S.M. (2006) Nurse Managers are transformational and transactional leaders, Nursing Economics, 24(9), pp: 179-186. Mezirow, J. (1983) ‘Critical theory of adult learning and education’ in education for adults, vol (1), Ed MTight, Croomhelen, London. Moon, A.J. (2002) reflections in learning and professional development. London: Kogan page. Northhouse, P.G. (1997) Leadership: Theory and practice. San Francisco CA: Sage. Smyth, J. (1989) ‘Developing and sustaining critical reflection in teacher’s education’, journal of teacher education, 40(2), pp: 2-9. Sullivan, E.J. and Garland, G. (2010) Practical Leadership and Management in Nursing, 7th edn, London: Prentice Hall. Taylor, V. (2007) ‘Leadership for service improvement’, Nursing Management, 13(9), pp: 30-34. Tomney, M.A. (1993) Transformational leadership in nursing. Missouri: Mosby. Weihrich, H., Koontz, H. (2005) Management: A global perspective, 11th edn. Singapore: Mc Graw Hill. Wilding, M.P. (2008) Reflective practice: A learning tool for student nurse, British Journal of Nursing, 17(11), pp: 721-724.

Advantages and disadvantages of the different economic types

Advantages and disadvantages of the different economic types What is economics? Economics is the study of the forces of supply and the demands allocate deficient resources. Economics is divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is something doing with the behavior of firms, consumers, and also about the role played by the government. Macroeconomics is more to inflation, industrial production, unemployment and the role played by the government. Microeconomics is the study about the behavior of small economics unit, for an example, individual consumers or households. Microeconomics is behavior of individual units. Microeconomics main concern is about the factors that affects an individual economics choice. Other than that, economics also can be said as branch of social science that can read the production distribution and the consumption of goods and service. Economics also include scarcity, choice, households, goods and productions as a definition. Economics system are studies of the method and institution where societies determine about the ownership, direction and allocation of economics. There are three types of economics system; Socialist system is a system that can be defined as a centrally planned or can be said as command economics. This system is fully controlled by the government. All the choice about resources are all made by the government. Capitalist system means free market economics. This system is like a freedom economy. This is because of the decisions made by the people. This system is mainly about the people in the country. Mixed economy Mixed economy is an economy based on the free enterprise principle. There is still some form of direct intervention and it is controlled by the government. Mixed economy can be said as a form of organization where both capitalist economy and socialist economy are found. In mixed economy there is the presence of private economic freedom with centralized planning and the common goal of avoiding the problems which comes because of capitalism and social ism. In the mixed economy system the main authorization of the economic activities are mainly by the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s regulation and the licensing policies. For an example, if someone wants to open a business, they must register and take license from the government for that particular business. So in this way, the government becomes a big power in the country. Mixed economy is also known as dual economy. In a mixed economy, the government runs things as post office, libraries, hospital and many more. Even when there is an industry which is not run by the business, still government get taxes and regulation like wage controls. Most of the people all over our country have no problem with the government take control of things like highway construction, birth certificate, national service economy may seem to be very easy as it is but there are some disadvantages in mixed economy also. The biggest disadvantage is between the public and private sector because they easily get b lurred or sometimes shift one way or another from time to time mixed economy usually increase more government control and less individual freedom. This is why mixed economy is always in an evolutionary process.